Skip to main content
CircuitSim® logo
CircuitSim® logo

Voltage follower calculator

Explore unity-gain buffering and compare loaded output with and without an op amp.

Configure

V

DC input voltage

Ω

Source resistance

Ω

Load resistance
Advanced inputs

V

Positive supply voltage

V

Negative supply voltage

Results update as you type.

Loading CircuitSim schematic…

Results

Ideal output voltage3.3 V
Ideal output versus input
Voltage (V)-15-18 V00 V1518 V
BufferedUnbuffered
Without the buffer1.65 V
Load current330 µA
Advanced results
Voltage gain1 V/V
Load power1.09 mW
Ideal rail headroom11.7 V

How voltage follower works

Connecting the output directly to the inverting input makes a unity-gain buffer. An ideal buffer draws no input current, so source resistance does not create an input drop. It supplies the load current from its power rails. Without the buffer, the source and load resistances form a voltage divider.

Vout=Vin,Vunbuffered=VinR2R1+R2V_{out}=V_{in},\qquad V_{unbuffered}=V_{in}\frac{R_2}{R_1+R_2}

Ideal DC equations assume negative feedback and operation within the supply rails. The guest uses a generic op-amp model; finite gain, input loading, output current and saturation can change the simulated result.

Change the form inputs or click a component value on the schematic. Choose Try in CircuitSim to simulate the configured circuit.